Chronic Kidney Disease in Dogs & Cats

Dogs and cats have two kidneys located in the abdominal cavity. The main function of the kidneys is to produce urine, which removes waste products from the body. Urine travels through thin tubes called ureters to the bladder and is then eliminated through urination.
In addition, the kidneys are responsible for maintaining the body’s fluid levels, electrolytes, and acid-base balance at normal levels. They are also responsible for producing certain hormones.
The kidneys are vital for life. Animals can live with just one kidney. However, if both kidneys stop functioning (a condition known as acute kidney failure), the body will not survive unless the damage is reversed immediately.

What is Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

Chronic Kidney Disease is a condition in which the kidneys function inadequately. Detectable signs of CKD first appear when damage has reached approximately 75%. This means the kidneys have a remarkable ability to compensate for damage and may continue functioning for months or even years without the animal showing symptoms.
CKD is a serious condition and can occur at any age. However, as with humans, the likelihood of developing it increases with age.

There are various diseases that can lead to kidney failure, such as:

• Congenital and hereditary kidney diseases (renal dysplasia, polycystic kidneys)
• Chronic idiopathic interstitial nephritis
• Feline lower urinary tract syndrome
• Exposure to toxins
• Inflammatory or infectious diseases
• Tumors
• Urinary tract obstructions, etc.

The clinical signs you may observe in an animal with CKD are:

• Depression, lethargy
• Anorexia, weight loss
• Polyuria-polydipsia
• Vomiting, nausea

Diagnosis involves a series of tests. First, a complete blood count is performed to assess the animal’s overall condition. Next, key biochemical parameters in the blood are checked, with a focus on indicators of kidney function. A urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound are also performed. Other tests, such as urine culture and sensitivity testing, X-rays, etc., may be recommended depending on the specific case.

Treatment of CKD

In general, the goal of treatment is to reduce the workload on the kidneys, alleviate symptoms resulting from decreased kidney function, and address the underlying cause.

The following are taken into account in management:

• Treating the underlying cause (when possible)
• Treating dehydration and electrolyte imbalances
• Treating vomiting
• Treating anemia
• Treating hypertension

Animals with severe symptoms require hospitalization for intravenous fluids and medications until their condition stabilizes, after which they can be taken home.

Once the animal is stable and able to return home, the following are recommended, a special diet with reduced amounts of high-quality protein and low levels of phosphorus and sodium to reduce the workload on the kidneys and lower blood pressure, as well as dietary supplements designed to support proper kidney function (phosphorus binders).

Don’t forget: Always make sure your pet has access to clean, fresh water at all times.